Endnotes
1
Two million men were stay at home dads in 2012. Pew Social Trends, “Growing Number of Dads Home With the Kids,” retrieved from
http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/06/05/growing-number-of-dads-home-with-the-kids/ (last visited June 17, 2015).
2
79 of 167 countries have legislation providing paternity leave. International Labor Organization. 2014. Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and
Practice Across the World. Geneva: International Labour Oce at 51.
3
89 percent of fathers took some leave, based on a 2007 study of resident U.S. fathers in opposite sex two-parent households using data from the
2001 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort. Lenna Nepomnyaschy and Jane Waldfogel. 2007. “Paternity Leave and Fathers’ Involve-
ment with eir Young Children: Evidence from the American Ecls–B.” Community, Work & Family 10(4): 427-453. Harrington, et al found in a
2014 survey of highly paid professional U.S. fathers that only about 5% took no paternity leave, but over 80% took two weeks of leave or less. Brad
Harrington, et al. 2014. e New Dad: Take Your Leave. Boston College Center for Work and Family, retrieved from:
http://www.bc.edu/content/dam/les/centers/cwf/news/pdf/BCCWF%20e%20New%20Dad%202014%20FINAL.pdf (last visited June 17,
2015). A 2012 Department of Labor survey found that 70 percent of men taking leave for parental reasons took 10 days or less. Jacob Alex Kler-
man, et al. 2012. Family and Medical Leave in 2012: Technical Report. (Prepared for U.S. Department of Labor.) Cambridge: Abt Associates, at 141.
Nepomnyashy and Waldfogel (at 433-37) similarly nd paternity leaves in the U.S. are short and that two thirds of fathers take less than two weeks
of leave.
4
ILO (2014); OECD. 2014. Trends in Leave Entitlements Around Childbirth No. PF2.5, retrieved from
http://www.oecd.org/social/family/database.htm (last visited June 17, 2015); Margaret O’Brien. 2009. “Fathers, Parental Leave and Infant Quality
of Life: International Perspectives and Policy Impacts.” e ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 624: 190-213.
5
Klerman (2012) at 135 (a third of employees work at worksites that oer paid maternity leave to all or most female employees versus 20% for
male employees) and at 143 (13% of men report receiving pay for parental leave compared with 20% of women).
6
Nepomnyaschy and Waldfogel (2007) at 442-45.
7
Maria Del Carmen Huerta, et al. 2013. “Fathers’ Leave, Fathers’ Involvement and Child Development: Are ey Related? Evidence from Four
OECD Countries.” OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 140, retrieved from
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/fathers-leave-fathers-involvement-and-child-development_5k4dlw9w6czq-en (last
visited June 17. 2015); Linda Hass and C. Philip Hwang. 2008. “e Impact of Taking Parental Leave on Fathers’ Participation in Childcare and
Relationships with Children: Lessons from Sweden.” Community, Work and Family 11(1): 85-104; Sakiko Tanaka and Jane Waldfogel. 2007. “Eects
of Parental Leave and Work Hours on Fathers’ Involvement With eir Babies: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study.” Community, Work and
Family 10(4): 409-426.
8
Huerta, et al (2013); Nepomnyaschy and Waldfogel (2007); Anna Sarkadi, et al. 2008. “Fathers Involvement and Children’s Developmental
Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies.” Acta Pediatrica 97: 153-158; Erini Flouri and Ann Buchanan. 2002. “e Role of Father
Involvement in Children’s Later Mental Health.” Journal of Adolescence 26: 63-78.
9
Huerta, et al (2013).
10
Ankita Patnaik. 2015. “Reserving Time for Daddy: e Short and Long Run Consequences of Fathers’ Quotas.” SSRN Working Paper, retrieved
from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2475970&download=yes (last visited June 17, 2015). See also Makiko Fuwa and Phillip
N. Cohen. 2007. “Housework and Social Policy.” Social Science Research 36: 512-530.
11
2010 General Social Survey data reported by Council of Economic Advisors. CEA Calculations in Council of Economics Advisors. 2014. e Eco-
nomics of Paid and Unpaid Leave at 7, retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/les/docs/leave_report_nal.pdf (last visited June
17, 2015).
12
Patnaik (2015); Elly-Ann Johansson. 2010. “e Eect of Own and Spousal Parental Leave on Earnings,” Institute for Labour Market Policy Evalu-
ation Working Paper 2010:4, retrieved from http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/45782/1/623752174.pdf (last visited June 17, 2015).
13
Klerman, et al (2012) at 127.
14
Klerman, et al (2012) at 105-106.
15
Harrington, et al (2014) at 8-9.
16
Scott Coltrane, et al. 2013. “Fathers and the Flexibility Stigma.” Journal of Social Issues 69(2): 279-302.
17
Linda Houser & omas P. Vartanian. 2012. Policy Matters: Public Policy, Paid Leave for Workers, and Economic Security for U.S. Parents. Report of
the Rutgers Center for Women and Work at 14; Eileen Appelbaum and Ruth Milkman. 2011. Leaves at Pay: Employer and Worker Experiences With
Paid Family Leave in California. Center for Economic and Policy Research at 18.
18
Appelbaum and Milkman (2011) at 23.
19
Harrington, et al (2014) at 8-10.
20
O’Brien (2009) at 199. For example, in Quebec, establishing a nontransferable period of paternity leave in 2006 doubled fathers’ leave taking —
from 22 to 50 percent, and by 2011 that had risen to 84 percent. Andrea Doucet. 2009. “Dad and Baby in the First Year: Gendered Responsibilities
and Embodiment.” e ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 624: 78; see also Patnaik (2015).
21
Harrington, et al (2014) at 7-8.
22
Nanette Fondas. May 1, 2013. “Marissa Meyer’s Potential Revolutionary Paternity Leave Policy. e Atlantic, retrieved from
http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/05/marissa-mayers-potentially-revolutionary-paternity-leave-policy/275468/ (last visited June
17, 2015); Dana Liebelson. May 28, 2015. “Can Facebook and Reddit Fix America’s Maternity Leave Problem?” Mother Jones, retrieved from
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/05/silicon-valley-maternity-leave-paternity-leave (last visited June 17, 2015).
23
Harrington, et al (2014) at 6.
5