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ELECTRONIC MEDIA:
Materials available via the Internet include journals, newspapers, research papers, government reports, web
pages, etc. When citing an Internet source, one should:
1. Provide as much information as possible that will help readers relocate the information. Also try to
reference specific documents rather than web pages when possible.
2. Give accurate, working addresses (URLs) or Digital Object Identifiers.
References to Internet sources should include at least
the following four items:
1. A title or description
2. A date (either date of publication or date of retrieval)
3. An address (URL) or Digital Object Identifier
4. An author's name, if available
In an effort to solve the problem of changed addresses and broken links, publishers have begun to assign Digital
Object Identifiers (DOI) to documents, particularly to scholarly journal articles. DOIs should be used in
reference lists when they are available. A DOI may be pasted into the DOI Resolver at http://www.crossref.org/
to confirm a citation. For journal articles, if no DOI is available, a database name or URL may be added for
particularly difficult to find publications. Since journal articles, unlike many web pages, are unlikely to change,
a retrieval date is not necessary. Electronic book citations only need source information when the book is
difficult to find or only available electronically.
Internet article based on a print source (exact duplicate) with DOI assigned:
Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482-488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
Article in an Internet only journal with no DOI assigned:
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between
perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2),
38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100
Daily newspaper article, electronic version available by search:
Botha, T. (1999, February 21). The Statue of Liberty, Central Park and me. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Webpage:
Raymon H. Mulford Library, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus. (2008).
Instructions to authors in the health sciences. Retrieved June 17, 2008, from
http://mulford.mco.edu/instr/
Annual report:
Pearson PLC. (2005). Reading allowed: Annual review and summary financial statements 2004.
Retrieved from http://www.pearson.com/investor/ar2004/pdfs/summary_report_2004.pdf