6
documents include, as positive attributes of Buffalo-area neighborhoods, that the white, non-
immigrant population was “[w]ell protected by restrictions” and “sufficiently large to resist
outside influences.”
11
Meanwhile, other Buffalo security map area descriptions identified the
supposed “detrimental influences” on “[a] small old area occupied almost entirely by railroad
porters
12
and their families” with a population of 95% Black residents and 5% Italian immigrants
as, “[a]ge and condition of buildings as well as type of occupant”
13
; another described a
neighborhood made up of about 75% Italian immigrants and 25% African Americans as, “[a]n
extremely old section which has been taken over by Italians and Negros of a poor type [sic]”
(emphasis added).
14
The language clearly conveys the belief that the value of the homes of
majority white neighborhoods was to be preserved through segregation and excluding non-white
and foreign-born people.
15
Buffalo, like many cities, is still reckoning with the effects of the abhorrent racism
represented in the HOLC descriptions. Redlining by lenders has continued to take place long
after it was banned, and many areas deemed “hazardous” by HOLC in the 1930s today remain
segregated, with “much higher proportions of low- and moderate-income (LMI) families (74%)
11
1937 HOLC Area Description of the Township of Amherst, NY, Robert K. Nelson, LaDale Winling, Richard
Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al., “Mapping Inequality,” American Panorama, ed. Robert K. Nelson and Edward
L. Ayers, accessed November 29, 2020; 1937 HOLC Area Description of Buffalo, NY, area A-5, Central Park
neighborhood.
12
At the time, the occupation of “railroad porter” would likely have been intended by the writer and understood by
the reader, even without the other statistics in the Area Description document, to indicate an African-American
population. See, e.g., R.R. Com. of Tex. v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496, 497, 61 S. Ct. 643, 644 (1941) (“As is well
known, porters on Pullmans are colored.”) (Cited in Martha A. Sandweiss, Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Tale of
Love and Deception Across the Color Line, at 140 (2009).)
13
1937 HOLC Area Description of Buffalo, NY, Area D-1, Cold Springs neighborhood. Robert K. Nelson, LaDale
Winling, Richard Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al., “Mapping Inequality,” American Panorama, ed. Robert K.
Nelson and Edward L. Ayers, accessed November 29, 2020.
14
1937 HOLC Area Description of Buffalo, NY, Area D-3, covering parts of Willert Park, Emslie, and Broadway-
Fillmore neighborhoods. Id..
15
See Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black
Homeownership (2019).