Arduino Mega 2560

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Arduino Mega2560

Overview

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has 54

digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs

(hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,

and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a

computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega is

compatible with most shields designed for the Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila.

The Mega 2560 is an update to the Arduino Mega, which it replaces.

Summary

Microcontroller

ATmega2560

Operating Voltage

Input Voltage (recommended)

7-9V

Input Voltage (limits)

6-20V

Digital I/O Pins

54 (of which 14 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins

DC Current per I/O Pin

40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin

50 mA

Flash Memory

256 KB ( 8 KB used by bootloader)

SRAM

8 KB

EEPROM

4 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed

16 MHz

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Arduino Mega2560

Schematic & Reference Design

EAGLE files: arduino-mega2560-reference-design.zip

Schematic: arduino-mega2560-schematic.pdf

Power

The Arduino Mega can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The

power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The

adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.

Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however,

the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the

voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver

chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

The power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as

opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can

supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through

this pin.

 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on

the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or

another regulated 5V supply.

 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

Memory

The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is used for the

bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM

library).

Input and Output

Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),

digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a

maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In

addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16 (TX);

Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. Pins 0

and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial

chip.

 External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4), 20

(interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a

low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for

details.

 PWM: 0 to 13. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

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Arduino Mega2560

 SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI communication using

the SPI library. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP header, which is physically

compatible with the Uno, Duemilanove and Diecimila.

 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the

LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

 I

C: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support I

C (TWI) communication using the Wire library

(documentation on the Wiring website). Note that these pins are not in the same location as

the I

C pins on the Duemilanove or Diecimila.

The Mega2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different

values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end

of their range using the AREF pin and analogReference() function.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to

shields which block the one on the board.

Communication

The Arduino Mega2560 has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another

Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560 provides four hardware UARTs for TTL (5V)

serial communication. An ATmega8U2 on the board channels one of these over USB and provides a

virtual com port to software on the computer (Windows machines will need a .inf file, but OSX and

Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port automatically. The Arduino software includes

a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX

LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the ATmega8U2 chip and USB

connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Mega2560's digital pins.

The ATmega2560 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a

Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation on the Wiring website for details.

For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Programming

The Arduino Mega can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). For details, see the

reference and tutorials.

The ATmega2560 on the Arduino Mega comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload

new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the

original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit

Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available in the Arduino repository. The ATmega8U2 is

loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of

the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software

(Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the

ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed

tutorial for more information.

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Arduino Mega2560

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Mega2560 is

designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the

hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the

ATmega2560 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line

drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload

code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the

bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start

of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Mega2560 is connected to either a computer running

Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the

following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Mega2560. While it is programmed to

ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few

bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives

one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it

communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.

The Mega2560 contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of

the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labelled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to

disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum

thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Mega2560 has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts

and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an

extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically

break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics and Shield Compatibility

The maximum length and width of the Mega2560 PCB are 4 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the

USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three screw holes allow the

board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160

mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

The Mega2560 is designed to be compatible with most shields designed for the Uno, Diecimila or

Duemilanove. Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and GND pins), analog inputs 0 to 5, the

power header, and ICSP header are all in equivalent locations. Further the main UART (serial port) is

located on the same pins (0 and 1), as are external interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3 respectively). SPI

is available through the ICSP header on both the Mega2560 and Duemilanove / Diecimila. Please

note that I

C is not located on the same pins on the Mega (20 and 21) as the Duemilanove / Diecimila

(analog inputs 4 and 5).