Tim Mrozowski, A.I.A., Professor Building Construction Management

Tim Mrozowski, A.I.A., Professor

Building Construction Management Program

Michigan State University

Matt Syal, Ph.D., CPC, Associate Professor

Building Construction Management Program

Michigan State University

Syed Aqeel Kakakhel, Research Assistant

Building Construction Management Program

Michigan State university

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

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INDUSTRY TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS

William Davidson, Project Manager, Turner Construction, Chicago, IL.

Fred Haas, P.E., Project Manger, Dannys Construction Co., Inc, Gary, IN.

Frank Hatfield, P.E., Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State

University, East Lansing, MI.

Lawrence F. Kruth, P.E., Engineering and Safety Manager, Douglas Steel Fabricating Corp.,

Lansing, MI.

Gary Larsen, Project Manager, Zalk Joseph Fabricators, Inc., Stoughton, WI.

Gordon Moore, Vice President, Project Management, Kline Iron & Steel Company, Inc.,

Columbia, SC.

Fromy Rosenberg, P.E., Assistant Director of Education, American Institute of Steel

Construction, Chicago, IL.

EDUCATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Charles Bissey, Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science,

Kansas State University, Manhattan, KA.

Mark Federle, Professor, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State

University, Ames, IA.

Donn Hancher, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington,

KY.

Dave Hanna, Professor, Construction and Facilities Department, Ferris State University, Big

Rapids, MI.

Stephen Krone, Professor, Department of Technology Systems, Bowling Green State

University, Bowling Green, OH.

Jeff Russell, Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chair, Construction Engineering

and Management, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI.

Mickey Spencer, Professor, Construction Program, University of Wisconsin-Stout, WI.

INDEX

1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT MODULE

Introduction

1.1 Manual Overview 1

1.2 Case Study Description 2

1.3 Introduction 4

Project Management

1.4 Stages of Procurement and Implementation of Structural Steel for Buildings 6

1.5 Responsibilities of Industry Participants in Steel Construction 11

1.6 Contract Documents Overview 15

1.7 Specifications 18

1.8 Steel Fabrication and Erection Subcontracts 21

1.9 Structural Steel Workscopes 23

1.10 Overview of Scheduling 24

1.11 Site Organization, Logistics, and Equipment 25

1.12 Safety 28

1.13 Coordination and Reporting 30

1.14 Payment 31

1.15 Changes and Modifications 32

1.16 Quality Assurance 33

1.17 Project Closeout 34

1.18 Summary 35

Questions for Classroom Discussion 36

2 SCHEDULING AND ESTIMATING MODULE 39

2.1 Overview 43

Scheduling

2.2 Introduction to Scheduling 43

2.3 Project Delivery Participants and Coordination 44

2.4 Project Phases 44

2.5 Overview of Steel Construction Activities 45

2.6 Fabrication Related Activities 45

2.7 Erection Related Activities 48

2.8 Work Breakdown Structure 50

2.9 Activity Durations 52

2.10 Critical Path Method Network Diagrams 53

2.11 Bar Charts 58

2.12 Steel Schedule vs Overall Project Schedule 62

2.13 Items Impacting the Schedule 62

2.14 Areas Requiring Special Attention 64

2.15 Summary 66

Questions for Classroom Discussion 67

INDEX continued

Estimating

2.16 Introduction 69

2.17 Introduction to Estimation 69

2.18 Preliminary Conceptual Estimating 70

2.19 Bidding: The Subcontractor’s Role 70

2.20 Quantity Takeoff Methods 72

2.21 Costs Included in the Fabricator’s Estimate 74

2.22 Special Estimating Issues for Fabrication 77

2.23 Costs Included in the Erector’s Estimate 82

2.24 Special Estimating Issues Concerning Erection 83

2.25 Economy of Steel Construction and Methods for Reducing Costs 84

2.26 Published Sources of Estimating Information 85

2.27 Summary 85

Questions for Classroom Discussion 86

Reference Sources 88

Appendices

A. Case Study Documents 89

B. Sample Specifications 96

C. Fabricator Inventory 105

D. AISC Services 106

Project

Management

Module

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Manual Overview1.1 Manual Overview

1.1 Manual Overview

This educational manual was developed for the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) to

present the principal project management activities and issues for procuring and implementing steel

construction. The manual was developed for use in undergraduate university level construction

management programs. It should also be useful in project management courses in construction

engineering, civil engineering, architectural engineering, and architecture programs.

The manual is intended as a supplemental text which may be incorporated into junior and senior

level project management, estimating, and scheduling courses. The manual was developed in two

educational modules: Module One addresses project management activities and Module Two

examines scheduling and estimating issues that pertain to steel construction.

Both educational modules have been designed to help students understand the unique roles and

relationships of the general contractor, steel fabricator, erector, specialty contractors, suppliers,

architect, structural engineer, and owner in the construction of a structural steel building frame.

While the manual has been specifically developed to address steel construction, many of the issues

presented are also applicable to the management of other construction subcontracts. Therefore, this

manual may serve as a detailed case study of steel construction which will help students achieve a

broader understanding of construction project management, estimating, and scheduling practices.

It is hoped that faculty teaching this material, will find this steel case study useful as they present

the principles of project management, estimating, and scheduling in their courses.

Most construction management and construction related programs require students to take courses

in construction science, technology, materials, and structural design. It is assumed that by the time

students are enrolled in project management, estimating, and scheduling courses, they will have

obtained sufficient understanding of the technical terminology and also have a general

understanding of steel design and construction practices. This manual is not intended as a technical

guide to steel, but focuses instead on the project management aspects of steel construction. Students

may wish to consult other general texts on structural design and construction methods should they

need additional technical information. AISC has developed numerous publications which address

the technical and design aspects of steel. These publications may be obtained by contacting the

AISC publication’s department. See Appendix D for a listing of AISC services.

To help students gain a better understanding of the text, a steel construction project case study has

been included. This building is a steel framed seven-story midrise medical office building. This

project is described below under the case study description. Project documents from the case study

are included in Appendix A.

To assist faculty in using this manual as a supplemental text in their courses, several open-ended

questions are provided at the end of the two modules. These questions are intended to be used for

in-class discussion.

The development of this manual was sponsored by a grant from the AISC Education Committee and

was prepared by Mr. Tim Mrozowski, A.I.A., Dr. Matt Syal, CPC, and Mr. Syed Aqeel Kakakhel

of the Building Construction Management Program at Michigan State University. AISC appointed

two advisory committees to provide input and oversee the development of the manual. The Industry

Technical Committee included fabricators, erectors, contractors, and educators who provided input

into industry practices. The Educational Advisory Committee consisted of construction

management and engineering faculty who advised and reviewed the manual for both industry

practice and educational use.

1.2 Case Study Description1.2 Case Study Description

1.2 Case Study Description

This text uses a steel framed midrise office building as a case study. The building is a seven-story

structure and is approximately 240 ft long by 150 ft wide. It contains approximately 256,900 sq ft

of floor area and required 1,330 tons of structural steel, exclusive of the metal deck and metal stairs.

The project was completed in 1998.

The case study project has a 30 ft x 30 ft typical bay size. Floor framing consists of W24 x 68

primary beams and W16 x 26 secondary beams. First floor interior columns are W14 x 159 and

are reduced in size for upper floors. Columns are spliced at every other level. The floors are

constructed of metal decking and concrete. Composite action is achieved by utilizing shear studs.

Connections for the project are a combination of simply framed and moment connections. Exterior

walls consist of panalized brick with metal stud backup and glass.

The project is located in an urban setting and is part of a large hospital complex. Site access was

limited on the north, west, and east sides of the structure because of adjacent roads and buildings.

Steel was delivered to the project on trucks, unloaded by crawler crane and erected immediately.

Only limited minor steel components were stored on the site. A single 230 ton crawler crane was

used to erect the steel and was repositioned as necessary during erection.

The steel was erected in three sections, each having multiple erection sequences. The building was

roughly divided into three sections with all structural steel erected from foundation to roof for a

section. At the completion of one frame section, the erector began the next section. Metal deck was

purchased by the fabricator and erected by a separate metal deck installer hired by the steel erector.

Project documents are included in Appendix A and are referenced throughout the text.

Photos of Case Study Project

1.3 Introduction1.3 Introduction

1.3 Introduction

Steel has been an important component of buildings, bridges, and other structures for more than a

century. Its use has allowed designers and contractors to construct both simple and complex

structures in efficient, time saving, orderly, and economical ways. While procurement and

construction management of structural steel have many similarities to the procurement of other

building materials, steel construction has some unique characteristics. For example, structural steel

is largely fabricated off-site. On-site erection and assembly are done rapidly. Coordination of all

parties is important in achieving the potential schedule advantages of steel construction. Steel

construction also requires that the fabricated components fit properly at the site. Close dimensional

tolerances require dimensional accuracy, review, and approval by several parties. The purposes of

this manual are 1) to give students interested in construction management an understanding of the

roles of the various participants, 2) to provide an understanding of the various steps in the process

and, 3) to provide an understanding of project management activities including scheduling and

estimating of steel construction.

Steel is used in many different components of buildings such as doors, equipment, reinforcement

for concrete, and structural steel. This manual focuses on the management and use of structural

steel framing systems for buildings. Structural steel is typically acquired, fabricated and erected by

the steel contractor. The steel contractor may be a single contractor, but more typically is a lead

company such as a fabricator who subcontracts portions of the steel construction to lower tier

subcontractors, such as steel erectors or metal deck installers.

While the steel contractor is responsible for fabrication and erection of the structural steel frame, the

steel contractor may also be required to furnish and install other miscellaneous metal items which

are attached to the frame, but not classified as structural steel by AISC. The AISC Code of Standard

Practice defines the elements included in the broad categories of “Structural Steel” plus “Other

Steel and Metal Items” and is reprinted below in Figure 1-1.

Definition of Structural Steel (AISC 1994)

“Structural Steel,” as used to define the scope of work in the contract documents, consists of

the steel elements of the structural steel frame essential to support the design loads. Unless

otherwise specified in the contract documents, these elements consist of material as shown on

the structural steel plans and described as:

Anchor bolts for structural steel

Base or bearing plates

Beams, girders, purlins and girts

Bearings of steel for girders, trusses or bridges

Bracing

Columns, posts

Connecting materials for framing structural steel to structural steel

Crane rails, splices, stops, bolts and clamps

Door frames constituting part of the structural steel frame

Expansion joints connected to structural steel frame

Fasteners for connecting structural steel items:

Shop rivets

Definition of Structural Steel (AISC) cont’d

Permanent shop bolts

Shop bolts for shipment

Field rivets for permanent connections

Field bolts for permanent connections

Permanent pins

Floor Plates (checkered or plain) attached to structural steel frame

Grillage beams and girders

Hangers essential to the structural steel frame

Leveling plates, wedges, shims & leveling screws

Lintels, if attached to the structural steel frame

Marquee or canopy framing

Machinery foundations of rolled steel sections and/or plate attached to the structural frame

Monorail elements of standard structural shapes when attached to the structural frame

Roof frames of standard structural shapes

Shear connectors–if specified shop attached

Struts, tie rods and sag rods forming part of the structural frame

Trusses

Other Steel or Metal Items

The classification “Structural Steel,” does not include steel, iron or other metal items not

generally described in Paragraph 2.1, even when such items are shown on the structural steel

plans or are attached to the structural frame. These items include but are not limited to:

Cables for permanent bracing or suspension systems

Chutes and hoppers

Cold-formed steel products

Concrete or masonry reinforcing steel

Door and corner guards

Embedded steel parts in precast or poured concrete

Flagpole support steel

Floor plates (checkered or plain) not attached to the structural steel frame

Grating and metal deck

Items required for the assembly or erection of materials supplied by trades other than

structural steel fabricators or erectors

Ladders and safety cages

Lintels over wall recesses

Miscellaneous metal

Non-steel bearings

Open-web, long-span joists and joist girders

Ornamental metal framing

Shear connectors if specified to be field installed

Stacks, tanks and pressure vessels

Stairs, catwalks, handrail and toeplates

Trench or pit covers.

Figure 1-1Figure 1-1

Figure 1-1 Definition of structural steel and other metal items. AISC Code of Standard

Practice (AISC 1994)

There are many potential benefits in the use of structural steel for the owner. Some of these include:

1. Steel construction can substantially reduce construction time for the frame because of off-site

fabrication and the ability to construct in all seasons. This savings reduces on-site

management and overhead costs, and improves cash flow.

2. Structural steel can be designed with large spans and bay sizes, thereby providing more

flexibility in space arrangement and rearrangement for the owner.

3. Steel can be easily modified and reinforced if the owner chooses to expand the facility, or if

architectural changes are made.

4. Relative to other structural systems, steel is lightweight and can reduce foundation costs.

5. Steel is a durable, long-lasting material and is recyclable.

Careful project management and design of structural steel construction can help to ensure that these

benefits are achieved. Section 1.4 below outlines the principal steps in the project delivery process

for structural steel.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

1.4 Stages of Procurement and Implementation of Structural Steel for Buildings

Initial Decision. The procurement and implementation of structural steel for buildings begins with

the owner’s decision to use steel as the primary structural system for the building. This decision is

generally made early in the design process in conjunction with the architect and structural engineer

for the project. In projects which use the services of a construction manager, or in design-build

projects, the construction entity may play a strong role in recommending the structural system. The

construction manager or design-build firm advises the owner on material availability, costs,

suitability, and scheduling aspects of the structural frame types. In many cases, the construction

manager or design-build firm consults with steel fabricators for preliminary pricing, scheduling,

and layout information that is used in deciding which structural system to utilize. Refer to figure 1.2

at the end of this section for an illustration of the development and management steps for structural

steel construction.

Schematic Design. Once the decision is made to use a structural steel frame, the architect and

structural engineer proceed with schematic design layouts for the building. The architect and

structural engineer work closely to coordinate the functional spaces of the building with the

structural components. The architect develops the overall building concept and also determines

locations and sizes of spaces. The structural engineer develops the structural concept in

consideration of the architectural layout and examines many factors such as structural loads,

material strength, economy of beam span, lateral stability, and repetitiveness to determine column

and beam spacings.

Contract Documents. Upon completion of the schematic design studies, the architect and structural

engineer proceed with design development and contract documents for the project. The structural

engineer is primarily responsible for engineering of the structural steel frame and development of the

detailed structural contract documents. The structural documents include: foundation plans and

details, structural floor framing plans, roof framing plans, column schedules, structural details,

structural notes, and design loads, as well as the structural specifications. The specifications are

typically bound into the architect’s project manual, which includes the specifications for all

materials and processes for the entire project.

Bidding. After completion of the contract documents, the owner and architect prepare the bidding

documents. Bidding documents are used together with contract documents to obtain bids from

contractors for the construction of the building. The owner and architect solicit bids from qualified

contractors, using these documents. Bids for structural steel may be in the form of subcontract

prices, which are included in the general contractor’s lump sum proposal, or the owner may divide

the project into separate prime contracts with the steel contractor bidding directly to the owner.

When the owner employs a construction manager or design-build firm, the construction entity

usually takes the lead role in preparing the bidding documents and managing the bidding process

for the owner.

During the bidding process, the general contractor defines the subcontract workscopes and solicits

subcontract prices from steel fabricators, erectors, and specialty contractors. The general contractor

may wish to subcontract the complete structural steel package to a single steel subcontractor, or

may choose to divide the steel portion of the project into multiple subcontracts. In the case of a

single subcontract, the general contractor will identify a qualified steel fabricator or erector to

obtain a bid for the complete structural steel package. Refer to Section 1.9 for a discussion of

subcontract workscopes.

The steel contractor (fabricator or erector) will solicit lower tier subcontract prices for the various

portions of the steel package. Typically the fabricator, (who is not also an erector) would seek lower

tier subcontract prices for steel erection, metal deck supply and installation, and shear studs, as well

as other specialized aspects of the steel portion of the project. The steel contractor may also be

charged by the general contractor with furnishing the miscellaneous fabricated steel items used

throughout the project. Examples of these items are loose lintels, plates, and bolts installed by the

mason, or steel pipe railings and metal stairs. If these items are to be included in the steel

contractor’s subcontract, the general contractor should specifically include these in the subcontract

workscope.

The bidding steel contractor needs to obtain the bidding documents, construction drawings, and

specifications in order to determine the requirements for the project. The steel contractor reviews

the contract documents and contractual conditions to determine the scope of the work. The steel

contractor always needs to be provided with the complete contract documents.

The bidding steel estimator conducts a quantity takeoff to determine the quantities of the various

shapes and sizes of steel elements to be used for the project. Special conditions, connections,

finishes, and fabrication requirements are noted. The steel fabricator will frequently consult with

steel mills and/or steel service centers on pricing, availability and time of delivery of steel shapes

to be used in the project. Steel joist and metal deck suppliers will also be consulted. The steel

contractor will have a systematic approach for taking off and recording the quantities. The material

takeoffs are frequently computerized with specialized industry spreadsheets. Refer to Module Two

for a discussion of steel estimating.

The bidding steel contractor is often required to provide input into the preliminary project schedule

by the general contractor. The steel contractor evaluates ordering and delivery times from the mill,

fabrication durations, erection sequence, and erection duration. Other elements considered are shop

drawing and approval times, shop capacity, delivery times for purchased items such as metal deck

and steel joists, and project conditions. As necessary, the steel contractor consults with lower tier

subcontractors in preparing recommendations. The steel contractor makes recommendations to the

general contractor regarding the schedule for steel construction. The general contractor

incorporates these recommendations into the overall project schedule.

The steel contractor compiles pricing and scheduling information for the specified workscope and

submits this information to the bidding general contractor. The general contractor evaluates

competitive pricing from various steel subcontractors based on price, quality, and schedule,

incorporating the selected steel subcontractor pricing into the lump sum bid.

Contract Award and Subcontracts. If the general contractor is awarded the contract by the

owner, the detailed subcontract for steel construction will be prepared. The steel subcontract will

specify the detailed terms of the building’s steel portion. Workscopes, pricing, and scheduling

requirements must be well-defined and based on the original workscope, along with any negotiated

changes in the building or project conditions.

Ordering Steel. Under normal conditions, upon execution of the steel subcontract, the steel

fabricator immediately places an order with the steel mill for production and furnishing of the

structural steel shapes. On expedited projects, the steel fabricator may purchase shapes directly

from a steel service center, (which warehouses common steel shapes), or may fabricate from shapes

stocked in the fabricator’s inventory.

Erection Drawings and Shop Drawings. When ordering steel, the fabricator simultaneously

begins to prepare anchor rod setting plans, shop drawings, and erection drawings for approval by the

structural engineer. The shop drawings may be prepared in-house or the steel fabricator may

subcontract their preparation to a steel detailing firm. The shop drawings are used to illustrate how

the steel fabricator intends to comply with the contract documents, as well as the dimensional and

detailed aspects of the fabrication. The erection drawings indicate the detailed configuration of the

steel frame and locate each member of steel with piece marks.

Shop drawings are typically submitted to the general contractor who reviews and then transmits

them to the architect and structural engineer for review of compliance with the original design

concept. While shop and erection drawings are generally required by the contract documents and

serve the architect, structural engineer and owner, they are also essential documents used by the

steel fabricator for fabrication and erection of steel. Development and approval of shop drawings

are detailed and tedious processes for all parties involved with the project, but are also extremely

important and beneficial in making certain that the building is properly fabricated and fits together

smoothly during the erection process. Generally, the contractor, architect and engineer will

“redline” or mark required changes to the original shop drawings and return them to the fabricator.

The length of time for approval of shop and erection drawings is normally specified in the contract,

and typically is two weeks. After any necessary modifications are made by the fabricator’s detailer,

shop drawings are resubmitted for final approval by the fabricator. To streamline the shop drawing

process, the steel fabricator frequently issues the steel shop drawings in stages. Anchor rods and

setting plans, along with a preliminary set of nonstandard AISC connections usually come first,

followed by column and beam submittals. The general contractor or construction manager will

typically require a drawing submittal schedule. The contractor, architect, and structural engineer are

usually able to approve these partial elements of the steel frame. This process of partial submission

allows the fabricator to begin fabrication of early structural elements and main members, which can

expedite delivery of the finished steel members.

Simultaneously during the shop drawing process, the steel fabricator manages and coordinates the

shop drawing process for the purchased or subcontracted items, such as steel joists, metal deck,

shear studs, and metal fabrications. It is important that the shop drawing process is coordinated by

all parties and the drawing submittal schedule and “approval turn around” are well defined so that

the project is not delayed.

Fabrication and Delivery. Following approval of the initial batch of shop drawings and delivery

of the mill steel, the fabricator will begin to fabricate and finish the steel elements. The time and

sequence of fabrication will be a function of the fabricator’s shop practice and capacity, other

fabrication projects, and the erection sequence for the building. Fabrication involves handling of

the stock members, cutting them to size, punching and drilling for connections, and preparing the

connections, as well as shop painting or finishes when required. Though each project is unique, the

fabricator will frequently have fabricated adequate portions of the steel for the building before

erection begins. During fabrication or at the drill line, each piece is marked and identified for its

precise location in the structural frame and stored or readied for delivery to the project site. Under

normal conditions, steel items should be delivered to the site in the sequential order in which the

steel will be installed by the erector.

Erection. Steel erection begins when the steel has been fabricated and the foundation is completed

to a point where it is ready to receive steel. Steel erection is conducted by the steel erector. Some

fabricators may have their own erection crews or subsidiary companies; others will subcontract this

work to a separate erection company. The erection company works closely with the general

contractor and the fabricator to erect the steel in accordance with the established sequence of

erection and delivery.

The order of erection is typically shown on the erection drawings or on a separate sequence

diagram. The erector typically prepares an erection plan which specifies the erection practices and

safety measures which will be employed for the approval of the general contractor. The erection

contractor usually furnishes equipment and cranes for erecting the frame; in some instances, the

general contractor may furnish a crane and receive a credit from the erection company for its use.

Erection of steel is generally fast paced and requires careful planning. Steel is fabricated to close

tolerances. Precise layout and accuracy are important in making certain that the frame fits together

properly. The steel erector may subcontract installation of a metal deck and shear studs to separate

lower tier subcontractors, as these specialty firms may be more efficient at installing these items.

Safety is an extremely important aspect of steel construction. Safety issues are discussed in Section

1.12.

During the erection process the frame will be plumbed; temporary bracing and guy cables may be

installed to maintain structural stability during erection. Erection will continue until all of the

structural steel members have been installed and the structural frame is essentially complete. Metal

fabrications and miscellaneous steel items, if included in the steel subcontract, are installed as

necessary, based on the overall project schedule and applicable safety standards. With the

completion of the frame, the steel subcontract is ready for contract closeout.

Figure 1-2 Stages of steel project management

1.5 Responsibilities of Industry Participants in Steel Construction1.5 Responsibilities of Industry Participants in Steel Construction

1.5 Responsibilities of Industry Participants in Steel Construction

Many parties have responsibilities in the successful procurement and implementation of steel

construction for buildings. As previously discussed, the entire process begins with the owner’s

decision to use a steel frame. The architect and engineer, together with the construction manager or

design-builder make recommendations to the owner. The structural engineer plans and designs the

steel frame. The contractor, construction manager or design-builder coordinate the bidding and

construction process. Steel suppliers, steel fabricators, detailers, erectors and specialty lower tier

subcontractors fabricate and install the work. Finally, building inspectors and testing agencies also

have important roles to ensure quality. Listed below are the principal participants in planning and

delivery of steel structures, together with a brief description of their primary responsibilities:

Owner

Architect

Structural Engineer

The owner is the entity, agency or organization which owns and

operates the completed facility. The owner’s primary responsibilities

are to employ an architect, to furnish a design program, furnish the

contract documents, provide relevant information to the contractor,

provide a site upon which to build, and pay for the work. The owner

may also, under some contract forms, furnish the property and other

insurances. In a general contract form, the owner has a direct

contract with the architect and general contractor, but will not have

a direct contract with steel subcontractors. In some construction

management contracts, or when multiple prime contracts are

awarded, the owner may have a direct contractual link to the steel

contractor.

The architect designs the project based on the owner’s design

program, developing the schematic layout showing the space layout

and overall building concept. The architect will utilize either an in-

house structural engineer or an outside consulting engineer to

develop the structural concept for the building. The architect also

develops the construction documents for the architectural portions

of the building and coordinates the work of mechanical, electrical,

structural and other specialty engineering and design disciplines for

the project. The architect usually assists the owner in developing the

bidding documents, soliciting bids from contractors, and awarding

the contract for construction. During construction, the architect will

have a contract administrative role conducting activities such as

reviewing applications for payment, observing the work, processing

change orders, and reviewing shop drawings.

The structural engineer is responsible for the detailed structural

design for the structural steel portions of the project. As part of this

process, the structural engineer develops detailed structural steel

contract documents and specifications. Other important functions of

the structural engineer are to review steel shop drawings for

consistency with the design intent and to review the structural

assembly during the construction phase. The structural engineer also

General Contractor

Construction Manager

Design-builder

has contract administrative duties, similar to those of the architect,

described above. The structural engineer may be either an employee

of the primary architectural and engineering firm, or an employee of

an outside consulting firm, or of the owner.

The general contractor (GC) has a contract with the owner to

coordinate and construct the entire project. As part of this

responsibility, the general contractor will define subcontract

workscopes, solicit competitive subcontract prices, schedule and

coordinate the work of all subcontractors, and construct certain

portions of the building with the contractor’s own work forces.

Under this project delivery system, the general contractor has a

direct contract with the steel subcontractor and becomes ultimately

responsible for the subcontractor’s work through the general

contractor’s contract with the owner. Other duties of the general

contractor are to obtain payment from the owner, pay

subcontractors, develop a safety plan, review and transmit shop

drawings, provide the primary building layout lines, and furnish

general condition items for the project.

The construction manager (CM) is a professional management

person/ organization employed by the owner to oversee and manage

the project. The CM is usually hired early in the project, preferably

prior to the design stage, and provides advice to the owner regarding

systems selection, scheduling, budgeting, and coordinating bid

packages for the trade contractors. During the construction phase,

the CM will oversee the work and perform many of the coordination

functions of the general contractor. In some instances the CM may

assist the owner in selecting the design architect and structural

engineer.

Design-build is an alternative approach to both the general contract

and the construction management methods of project delivery,

where the design-builder is responsible for furnishing both design

and construction services. Generally, the design-build team will be

led by the construction entity which uses in-house or outside

consulting architectural and engineering professionals to furnish the

design services. Because the design-builder is responsible for

delivering a given project within an established quality level and

within a specific schedule, the design-builder is in a position to

select and evaluate building systems which are within the owner’s

budget and satisfy other project constraints. The design-builder

works closely with the steel contractor in the initial project planning

phase as they select and define the structural system. This early input

by steel constructors is extremely helpful in establishing a workable

schedule and in meeting the overall project requirements.

Steel Contractor

Steel Fabricator

Steel Erector

Lower Tier

Subcontractors

Steel Suppliers

Detailers

The steel contractor is the lead subcontractor, having general

responsibility for all aspects of fabrication and erection of the

structural steel frame. The steel contractor may be a fabricator,

erector, or in some cases, both a fabricator and erector. The steel

contractor is usually a subcontractor to the general contractor, or

may on some construction management projects have a direct

contract with the owner.

The steel fabricator is responsible for fabrication of primary steel

components to the point that they are ready to erect by the steel

erector. This process includes material takeoff, ordering of steel

shapes, developing shop drawings, layout and fabrication of the

elements, and delivery to the site.

The steel frame is erected by the steel erector. The erector may be a

separate subcontractor or may be part of the steel fabrication

company or a subsidiary. The erector works closely with the general

contractor and fabricator to establish the erection sequence and to

assemble the frame.

Specialty lower tier subcontractors are frequently used by the

erector to install metal decking and shear studs. Using these lower

tier subcontractors frees up the erector’s crew to install the main

steel elements. Other specialty companies may be hired by the

fabricator to fabricate special components, such as handrails or

stairs, as part of the steel fabrication or miscellaneous metals

subcontract. Generally, lower tier subcontractors have direct

contract with either the fabricator or the erector.

Steel for larger projects will be purchased directly from the steel

mill. Steel is rolled and produced by the mill from the mill order for

the specific project. On smaller projects or projects requiring an

expedited schedule, the steel fabricator may order steel from a steel

service center (warehouse). Both the mill and the service center

must supply steel which meets the material characteristics specified

and national testing standards.

Shop drawings, anchor rod layouts and erection drawings are

developed by detailers under the direction of the steel fabricator.

These detailers may be independent companies or may be employed

by the steel fabricator. The primary job of the detailer is to prepare

detail drawings for fabrication and erection in compliance with the

project requirements, fabricator standards, erector standards, and

AISC specifications.

Proper communication and coordination among the participants are essential for the timely

completion of structural steel. The following parties were involved in the case study project:

1. Owner

2. Architect

3. Structural engineer

4. General contractor

5. Steel contractor (fabricator/erector)

6. Steel suppliers

7. Lower tier sub contractors (sub-subcontractors)

- Deck supplier

- Joist supplier

- Deck erector

- Shear stud supplier/installer

- Miscellaneous metals and special fabrication supplier

Figure 1-3 shows the contractual lines of responsibility for a typical project which uses structural

steel. Note that in the case study project, the steel contractor had both fabrication and erection

capabilities and that there was no separate lower tier erection subcontract.

Figure 1-3

Lines of responsibility on a steel project.

1.6 Contract Documents Overview1.6 Contract Documents Overview

1.6 Contract Documents Overview

The words “Contract Documents”, in the context of a construction agreement, are legal terms of art

with a special connotation. The precise documents which comprise the “Contract Documents” can

vary from contract to contract. Because of this, the term “Contract Documents” is often defined in

the opening paragraphs of a project contract or general Conditions. This definition should be

reviewed on each new set of bidding documents. It almost always includes more than a single

document or sheaf of documents.

Normally, contract documents for structural steel consist of the contract, the general and

supplementary/special conditions, the drawings and specifications, addenda issued prior to

contract execution, and modifications issued after contract execution. The contract may be a

subcontract between the general contractor and the steel contractor, or in some instances the

contract may be directly with the owner. Some subcontracts may also incorporate certain

responsibilities and provisions of the general contractor’s prime agreement with the owner. The

contract documents are generally prepared by the architect and structural engineer. The general and

supplementary conditions define the general contractor’s broad overall responsibilities and are

often incorporated by reference into the steel subcontract. The structural drawings and

specifications are prepared by the structural engineer and define the required materials and

products, installation requirements, and contract administrative requirements for the project.

Structural Steel Drawings. The structural steel drawings that are prepared by the structural

engineer indicate the sizes and arrangement of the structural steel elements that make up the

structural steel frame. Generally, they consist of foundation plans, structural floor and roof framing

plans showing column and beam sizes and locations, column schedules, general structural notes,

and various special and general details. The structural drawings usually include general details

consisting of typical details for column base plates, column and beam splices and connections, floor

and roof openings, composite beam and metal deck details, and lintel schedules. Also included are

details that illustrate special or nonstandard structural conditions designed for the project. Figures

1-4, 1-5, and 1-6 show sample structural steel drawings.

The AISC Code of Standard Practice requires the owner’s authorized representative, usually the

structural engineer of record, to provide complete contract documents “Released for Construction.”

Plans provided as part of a contract bid package are considered to be “released for construction”

unless otherwise noted. This is necessary to assure that the owner receives adequate and complete

bids, and to enable timely completion of shop drawings and fabrication. The “released for

construction” contract documents are assumed to provide complete structural steel design plans

clearly showing the work to be performed and providing the information required by Section 3 of

the Code of Standard Practice. When it is necessary for a project to be advertised for bidding before

the requirements of Section 3 can be met, the owner’s authorized representative must provide

sufficient information in the form of scope, drawings, weights, outline specifications, and other

descriptive data to enable the fabricator and erector to prepare a knowledgeable bid.

Figure 1-4 Representative structural framing plan

Figure 1-5 Representative column schedule

Figure 1-6 Typical details

The column schedule will usually indicate the column size and critical vertical dimensions such as

elevations of base plates, column splices, and top of a column. If included, the beam schedule

indicates beam sizes, structural reactions usually in kips, spacing and size of shear connectors if

composite beam deck interaction is required. Any special requirements, such as beam camber or

special connections may also be included.

Typical connection details may be addressed in the structural drawings. Frequently, however, the

detailed design and layout of the beam-to-beam and beam-to-column details are left to the

fabricator and the steel detailer. The detailer will develop the connection details as part of the shop

drawing process and these connections will be reviewed by the structural engineer during the shop

drawing approval process. This has the advantage of giving the fabricator flexibility to fabricate

connections in a manner most suitable to the fabricator’s standard shop practices and equipment.

The 1997 edition of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) A201 General Conditions of the

Contract for Construction requires that any design service required of the contractor be specifically

set out in the contract documents, and further requires that the contract documents specify all

performance and design criteria that the service must satisfy. In some instances, the contract

documents will require that the components which are designed by the fabricator will be certified

by a licensed engineer. However, in all instances, the architect or its designee, usually the structural

engineer of record, must review and approve all submittals, including those prepared by a licensed

engineer retained by the contractor, and take responsibility for the adequacy of the performance or

design criteria required by the contract documents.

The structural engineer also develops the steel specifications. The specifications indicate

administrative procedures, material requirements, and installation requirements for the project.

The AISC Code of Standard Practice and Specification should be incorporated into division 5 or

comparable specification sections which deal with Structural Steel.

1.7 Specifications1.7 Specifications

1.7 Specifications

Specifications for structural steel are prepared by the structural engineer and are typically bound into

the architect’s project manual that includes all the specifications for the building. Although different

specification formats may be used, many engineers use the Construction Specifications Institute

(CSI) Masterformat or the AIA Masterspec format. These formats use a unified construction index

system which places all products and materials into 1 of 16 divisions. Figure 1-7 below lists the 16

divisions. Structural steel and other associated metal products are classified in Division 5.

1 General Requirements 9 Finishes

2 Site Work 10 Specialties

3 Concrete 11 Equipment

4 Masonry 12 Furnishings

5 Metals 13 Special Construction

6 Wood and Plastics 14 Conveying Systems

7 Thermal and Moisture Protection 15 Mechanical

8 Doors and Windows 16 Electrical

Figure 1-7 Unified Construction Index divisions

Under the unified construction index, all products and materials carry a five-digit section code that

establishes their division number and distinguishes them from other categories of materials within

the division. For example, structural steel has a section code of 05120 and steel joists have a section

code of 05210. Figure 1-8 below indicates the sample section codes for items in Division 5 Metals.

05010 Metal Finishes

05120 Structural Steel

05210 Metal Joists

05300 Metal Decking

05400 Cold Formed Metal Framing

05500 Metal Fabrications

05520 Handrails and Railings

05700 Ornamental Metalwork

05715 Prefabricated Metal Stairs

05800 Expansion Control

Figure 1-8 CSI Division 5 specification items

Each specification section is divided into 3 parts: Part 1 General, Part 2 Products, and Part 3

Execution. For example, Section 05120 Structural Steel: Part 1 General, includes administrative

procedures such as quality control and shop drawing requirements. Part 2 Products, lists the

acceptable materials, and Part 3 Execution, indicates the installation requirements. See Appendix

B for a sample structural steel specification for the case study.

Part 1 General, of the specification section on structural steel 05120 typically includes:

1. Summary of the work

2. Related sections (related work specified elsewhere)

3. Performance requirements

4. Submittals (product data, shop drawings, qualification data for firms, mill test reports

5. Quality assurance (installer qualifications, fabricator qualifications, applicable reference

standards, professional engineer qualifications, welding standards)

6. Delivery, storage, and handling

7 Sequencing

8. Allowances (engineers’ allowance for adding steel components to the design)

Part 2 Products, of the specification section on structural steel 05120 typically includes:

1. Structural steel shapes, plates, bars

2. Cold formed steel tubing

3. Shear connectors

4. Anchor rods, bolts, nuts, and washers

5. Non high-strength bolts, nuts, and washers

6. High-strength bolts, nuts, and washers

7. Welding electrodes

8. Grouts

9. Primers

10. Fabrication requirements (addressing items such as tolerances, cambers, cutting, holes etc.)

11. Shop connections (welded, bolted)

12. Shop priming (surfaces required, surface preparation, painting requirements)

13. Galvanizing

14. Source quality control (requirements for independent testing of fabrications, welds,

connections, etc.)

Part 3 Execution, of the specification section on structural steel 05120 typically includes:

1. Requirements for examination of bearing surfaces, elevations, and locations of anchorage

2. Preparation (requirements for temporary shores, guides, bracing)

3. Erection (setting base plates, erection tolerances, alignment and plumbing)

4. Restrictions on field cutting and hole enlargement

5. Field connections (bolting, welding)

6. Field quality control (testing and inspection)

7. Cleaning (touch up painting, galvanized surfaces)

Upon obtaining the contract documents and deciding to bid the work, the steel contractor reviews

and correlates the plans and specifications. An important part of this review is to identify the

elements which will be subcontracted. In the case study project, the steel contractor performed both

fabrication and erection of the structural steel frame. Steel joists and metal deck were purchased and

the metal deck and shear stud installation were subcontracted. When reviewing the specifications,

it is important that the steel contractor identify any unique administrative procedures, material and

finishing requirements or installation requirements that are not standard practice and which impact

pricing, obtaining materials, scheduling, or quality of workmanship.

In some instances, the steel contractor may elect to exclude certain specified elements from the

subcontract workscope. For example, steel contractors will frequently exclude grouting of base

plates. When the steel contractor elects to exclude elements from the workscope, it is important that

the general contractor is aware of these exclusions.

1.8 Steel Fabrication and Erection Subcontracts1.8 Steel Fabrication and Erection Subcontracts

1.8 Steel Fabrication and Erection Subcontracts

Steel construction will usually involve the use of subcontractors and lower tier subcontractors. The

steel contractor may serve as a subcontractor to a general contractor. Specialty contractors, such as

metal deck installers, may serve as lower tier subcontractors to the steel contractor. Typical lower

tier subcontracts found on steel frame projects include: fabrication, erection, metal deck

installation, shear stud installation, metal fabrications, and furnishing of miscellaneous metals.

As with most construction subcontracts, many basic contractual issues need to be addressed.

Typical clauses identifying the date, parties, and contract documents, as well as provisions for

payments, insurance, and dispute resolution etc., should be incorporated. Since this manual is not

intended to be a comprehensive guide to subcontracts, these basic contract components are not

addressed in this manual. The reader should refer to other sources such as AGC650 or AGC655

issued by the Associated General Contractors (AGC) or the A401 issued by the American Institute

of Architects (AIA) for their standard form subcontracts. The purpose of this section is to address

those clauses which are unique or of special interest in steel subcontracts, for both the subcontractor

and the general contractor.

Incorporation by Reference. The subcontract frequently incorporates all or portions of the prime

contract by reference. This has the effect of binding the parties to the conditions of the prime

contract, as if they were physically attached to the subcontract. It is important for both of the

contracting parties to obtain copies of the incorporated documents and to understand their impact.

Occasionally, the terms of the subcontract may conflict with the incorporated terms of the prime

contract. This could be handled by the use of a “precedence” clause (a clause indicating which

document will govern in case of a conflict in documents.)

Scope of Work.Scope of Work.

Scope of Work. The scope of the subcontractor’s work should be clearly defined in the subcontract.

This definition should include the general conditions or services which the subcontractor must

provide, and those which the general contractor will provide for the steel contractor. The general

contractor may use CSI specification sections to indicate work included in the subcontract.

However, care should be taken when describing workscopes that incorporate work from portions of

multiple CSI sections or divisions. For example, the general contractor may require the mason to

furnish steel lintels specified in Division 5 Metals, and installed by the mason under Division 4

Masonry. In this instance, it would be important to indicate clearly to the miscellaneous metals

contractor that lintels were not in the project workscope. Standard workscopes are discussed more

fully in Section 1.9 of this manual.

Use of General Contractor’s EquipmentUse of General Contractor’s Equipment

Use of General Contractor’s Equipment. Under most subcontracts, the subcontractors furnish and

utilizes their own equipment for completing the work. For steel work, there may be rare occasions,

such as in high-rise buildings or on restricted sites, where the general contractor will provide cranes

or lifting devices for the project, charging the subcontractor for their use. Scaffolding may also be

provided by the general contractor on some renovation projects. When the subcontractor uses any

portion of the contractor’s equipment, it should be only by written agreement that clearly defines the

When the erector is to use the crane provided by the general contractor, the erector will typically

want to use its own crane operator. It is also important that the erector has full access to and use of

the crane during the erection period, so that the erection operation can proceed as planned and the

schedule is not disrupted by other competing lifting activities which may use the crane. The general

contractor should recognize the erector’s need to proceed with the work and that crane access is

important in maintaining the erector’s schedule.

Layout Responsibilities. The general contractor establishes the main axis lines for the project.

Generally, each of the subcontractors has responsibility for laying out their own work and

examining construction in-place before installing their portion of the project. With steel

construction, the steel fabricator typically furnishes the general contractor with anchor rod setting

plans and setting plates that are used to set the anchor rod locations. Prior to shipping fabricated

steel to the site, though normally not contractually required to do so, the steel contractor may wish

to field check the actual anchor rod placements and plate elevations. The steel contractor should

notify the general contractor if they are not installed in accordance with the setting plans. If

checking of anchor rods can be accomplished early, then the foundation contractor will be able to

relocate and correct the placements prior to arrival of steel at the site. If improper placement of

anchor rods is not discovered until the steel arrives, delays, productivity loss, and additional costs

may be incurred from having to modify the steel components or anchor rods.

Schedule and Time Requirements. Time and schedule are very important on most projects. The

owner will frequently seek protection from the general contractor for delays caused by the

contractor or subcontractors. As a consequence, the general contractor will include protective

clauses in the subcontract. The general contractor’s prime contract may contain a “time is of the

essence clause” that makes time a material aspect of the contract. The owner-contractor agreement

may also contain a liquidated damage’s clause providing for compensatory damages due to delays.

The general contractor typically establishes the overall construction schedule for the project. This

schedule should incorporate early input from the major subcontractors for the project and from

subcontracts that have the potential for significantly impacting the schedule. The general contractor

may establish the right, in the subcontract, to change the schedule and require the subcontractor to

perform in accordance with the adjusted schedule. Another form of protection which the general

contractor may use is to include a liquidated damages clause in the subcontract, which provides for

compensatory damages in the event that the subcontractor’s work delays the project. In some

instances, the steel contractor may be delayed in the start of erection because the building is not

ready for erection of steel. The general contractor may use a “no damages for delay” clause that

prohibits the subcontractor from seeking damages from the general contractor. The steel contractor

may wish to exclude or negotiate these protective clauses based on the project conditions.

The best form of protection from delays is a proper set of “released for construction” contract

documents prepared in accordance with Section 3 of the Code of Standard Practice, coupled with

early coordination and frequent communication between the general contractor and the

subcontractors. The steel contractor’s early input into the schedule and agreement as to the sequence

of construction and erection is an important element in avoiding delays. Early ordering of steel and

commencement of shop and erection drawings, as well as a smooth process for approval of shop

drawings, and a clear “request for information” (RFI) process can all help to alleviate delays caused

by the steel contractor. Refer to Manual Module Two for a detailed discussion of scheduling steel

construction.

1.9 Structural Steel Workscopes1.9 Structural Steel Workscopes

1.9 Structural Steel Workscopes

The structural steel subcontract typically includes the fabrication, delivery, and installation of

structural steel framing (05120), steel joists (05200), and metal decking (05300). This workscope

may also include other items such as metal fabrications (05500), ornamental metals (05700),

handrails, and railings (05520). The general contractor should be precise in indicating which

specification sections are to be included in the steel subcontract. A single subcontract is frequently

awarded for the complete structural steel frame and a separate subcontract awarded for the metal

fabrications, loose lintels, handrails etc.

Careful definition of the workscope by the general contractor is extremely important in ensuring

that all components for the project are assigned and accounted for and that no items are double

counted. One method for assigning workscopes is to assign all work specified under a particular CSI

specification section number. Frequently, the subcontractor’s work includes work from several

specification sections. This will cover most of the elements for the project. However, the contractor

should proceed cautiously because certain elements may be indicated on the plans that are not

specified in the project manual. The contractor should carefully correlate the plans and

specifications to ensure that all project elements are properly assigned.

The assigned specification sections indicate to the subcontractors the detailed administrative,

product, and installation requirements of their portion of the work. The subcontract provisions

indicate the contractual and procedural requirements which bind the subcontractor and the

contractor.

A typical workscope for structural steel includes the supply and furnishing of all labor, materials,

tools, scaffolding, apparatus, supplies, welding rods, equipment, machinery, transportation,

supervision, insurance, taxes, permits and fees when required, technical services, and all operations

as required for the satisfactory performance and completion of the work in accordance with the

contract documents. Other items typically included in the workscope are listed below:

1. Allowances and/or unit prices as specified in the technical section

2. Sales and use taxes

3. Liability insurance for own forces, vehicles and operations

4. Testing as specified

5. Attendance at project coordination meetings

6. Submittal of shop drawings, product data, samples, design data, test reports, certifications,

manufacturers’ instructions, field reports

7. Extra materials as specified

8. Warranties as specified (as well as warranties required by the general conditions)

9. Delivery to the site of materials and equipment

10. Safety provisions

11. Unloading of materials at the site

12. Detailed layout of the work specified

13. Storage provisions for materials and equipment

14. Hoisting of workers, material and equipment required by the work

15. Scaffolding required by the work

16. Electric cords as necessary to convey temporary electricity for the work

17. Provisions for temporary electricity

18. Provisions for temporary task lighting

19. Cost of cutting and patching work

20. Protection of other work from damage

21. Cleanup of waste and debris

22. Submittal of project record documents

Some items typically furnished by the general contractor and commonly excluded from the

subcontractor’s work are listed below:

1. General layout of the project

2. Temporary sanitation facilities

3. Proper access to and around the site

4. Material testing unless specified to be by the subcontractor

5. Trash dumpster

6. Final cleaning

Source: adapted from Construction Industry Research Committee’s (CIRC) Recommendations for

Subcontract Workscopes (1986).

1.10 Overview of Scheduling1.10 Overview of Scheduling

1.10 Overview of Scheduling

An important aspect of the general contractor’s job is to prepare a construction schedule that

permits the project to progress smoothly and to complete the project in the time allotted by the

owner in the contract. Structural steel is a large and important early component of the building and

has many sub-activities that need to be coordinated.

Scheduling, timely delivery, and erection of the fabricated components, involve a broad range of

activities including ordering mill steel, preparation and approvals of shop drawings, fabrication,

applying coatings, delivery to the site and erection. Each of these activities has its own nuances and

variables that should be considered in preparing the steel portion of the schedule. These activities

must be well organized, coordinated, documented, and communicated with the many parties to

avoid delays. Shop drawings, for example, prepared by an independent detailer are reviewed by

the fabricator, contractor, architect, and structural engineer. Initial drawings may need to be revised

for final approval. All parties have an important stake in maintaining the schedule and should work

within the schedule limits for delivery and approval for shop drawings.

The steel contractor should be consulted as the general contractor prepares the overall project

schedule. The steel contractor needs to have input on likely durations for the various structural steel

related activities. Refer to Module Two for a discussion of scheduling.

1.11 Site Organization, Logistics, and Equipment1.11 Site Organization, Logistics, and Equipment

1.11 Site Organization, Logistics, and Equipment

The general contractor must consider many factors in laying out the site to support the construction

operations. First, the general contractor must pro-actively plan and manage the construction of the

project in a timely, safe, and economical way that delivers the quality level required by the contract

documents. The general contractor operates within the context of a diverse group of materials,

construction processes, equipment, subcontractors, professions, personalities, governmental

agencies, transportation systems, and weather. The general contractor must manage these elements

for a typically limited project site. The general contractor must be able to take all of these factors

into account when planning the work and the site is laid out.

Some of the critical elements to consider in the site layout are listed below:

1. Site size and configuration

2. Location of adjacent roads, buildings and utilities, subject to damage

3. Location of roads available for transporting materials and equipment

4. Likely access points to site and buildings on the site

5. Location, height, size, configuration of building being constructed

6. Soil conditions and excavation requirements

7. Relationship of building and its components to the site

8. Location of site underground utilities

9. Proposed construction methods for major building systems

10. Construction sequence and schedule

11. Erection and installation equipment requirements for major building systems

12. Material quantity, storage, and delivery requirements

13. Entrance points for workers to site

14. Worker parking

15. Tool and equipment storage requirements

16. Construction operations facilities and trailers

17. Sanitary facilities

18. Safety

19. Fire protection

20. Efficiency of materials movement and management

There are unique sets of conditions for each project, that must be considered; any of these factors

may take on more or less prominence. For example, on some projects a restrictive site may dictate

the construction method and the contractor’s site layout will be heavily influenced by the

construction equipment that will be used. In other instances, the site layout may be influenced more

by limited access points, excavation and shoring requirements. The construction equipment may

dictate that measures such as temporarily leaving out a portion of the foundation, may be necessary

in order to move equipment into the building footprint. Site layout is complex and requires

experience and expertise in balancing the many factors involved.

Structural Steel. Regardless of the interplay of the various site layout factors to be considered for

an individual site, it is clear that the structural steel erection process will heavily influence the

contractor’s site layout, construction schedule, and the construction sequence. A poorly conceived

site layout will lead to unnecessarily large erection equipment in order to handle large reaches,

increased movement of materials, slower progress, increased accident potential, and increased cost.

Because the structural frame is such a dominate component in the overall building, its successful

completion often sets the overall tone for the building project and subsequent trades. The lifting

equipment, whether stationary towers, truck mounted mobile cranes, or crawler mounted cranes,

requires adequate space for setup operation and removal. Deliveries of steel tend to be large (up to

20 tons) and transported by truck. The steel is sometimes unloaded from the truck and immediately

erected in a single operation. This “just in time” delivery creates a savings of ground storage space

because the need to stockpile beams and columns is eliminated, but this method requires the

designation of an unloading zone. Trucks delivering steel will occupy this space during the erection

process. Steel may also be off loaded in designated “lay down” areas and marshaled to the erection

area as needed.

The general contractor will need to consult closely with the steel contractor and the steel erector to

establish the construction schedule and construction sequence. Large horizontal structures such as

industrial plants and warehouses, may require that the building be erected in sections with mobile

cranes moving inside the building footprint. This process may allow for steel to be erected on one

side of the building while foundations are being erected on another portion of the building (parallel

construction activities). Vertical structures such as the project case study, could be erected one

floor at a time for narrow footprints or could be erected in vertical sections from ground to roof

level, with each section being completed before moving equipment to set steel for the next section.

The case study project was divided into three areas consisting of multiple sequences that reduced

the need for frequent moving of the equipment on the site. This was important because of the limited

site area.

The AISC Code of Standard Practice requires that the steel erector be provided with safe, adequate

access to the site, and a firm, properly graded, well drained, adequate and convenient space in which

to set up and operate erection equipment. The steel erector also needs to be able to work in an area

free of overhead power lines or other obstructions.

The erector may lease or own the lifting equipment for the project and will select equipment based

on the following criteria:

1. Lifting loads

2. Reach required

3. Lifting heights

4. Crane radius

5. Setup and maneuvering space available

6. Mobility requirements

7. Strength of the ground base

8. Construction sequence

9. Erection sequence (i.e., horizontal or vertical sections)

10. Number of cranes to be used

11. Fabricated steel delivery points

12. Times the crane will be used

13. Costs

14. Availability of equipment

Selection of the lifting equipment is a specialized field and will generally be completed by

experienced personnel within the erector’s organization or by outside consultants retained by the

erector. When special site or lifting conditions are encountered, the erector may employ a

consulting engineer and work closely with lifting equipment suppliers to determine suitable

equipment.

Crane options for the project range from truck or crawler mounted mobile cranes, fixed tower

cranes, or climbing cranes. Mobility and allowable lifting load for the required reach are important

determining factors. Generally, tower cranes will have higher lifting loads for long reaches, but

they have the disadvantage of lack of mobility. Mobile cranes such as truck or crawler mounted

cranes will have the advantage of being able to move around the site, but have smaller lifting

capacities than tower cranes. Crawler cranes may move while lifting loads; truck mounted cranes

typically cannot. Truck mounted cranes can be driven to the site; crawler or tower cranes must be

transported. Each crane type has various advantages and disadvantages; the erector will consider all

of these factors in selecting the equipment. The reader should refer to construction equipment

textbooks for detailed information on crane types.

Occasionally more than one crane will be used for a project, allowing the contractor to increase

erection speed. Sometimes the erector will use cranes in a tandem to lift long elements such as long

span trusses. In this instance, adequate space for movement of the cranes is necessary and the need

to coordinate the simultaneous movement of separate cranes becomes important.

Figure 1-9 Crawler crane

1.12 Safety1.12 Safety

1.12 Safety

Safety on all construction sites is a vital issue. With structural steel erection, the potential risks for

exposure of workers to equipment, falls, being struck or caught between material and equipment are

ever present. This manual is not intended to be a detailed guide to safety in steel construction.

However, because of the importance for construction management students to be aware of general

safety issues concerning steel construction, a brief discussion is provided. While the means and

methods of erection are generally the erector’s responsibility, they are heavily regulated by

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and are reviewed by the general

contractor. Safety is ultimately the responsibility of all parties involved with construction, and all

have important stakes in maintaining a safe project site.

Responsibilities of the General Contractor. The general contractor is responsible for the means

and methods of the construction project. Although the general contractor frequently subcontracts

to subcontractors, the responsibility for means and methods and their associated safety practices for

various building components, the general contractor retains certain fundamental safety

responsibilities. The broad safety duties of the general contractor include:

1. Providing an overall safety plan for the project

2. Maintaining a safe site and working environment for the general contractor’s employees, as

well as the employees of other contractors

3. Coordinating the work in a manner that does not expose workers to hazards from the work

of other subcontractors

4. Maintaining proper supervision during the work

5. Being responsible for the safety of the general contractor’s own employees and furnishing

proper protective equipment etc. for their employees

6. Maintaining and operating equipment in a safe manner

7. Complying with applicable OSHA or other safety standards

8. Preventing overloading the structure during construction

The broad subcontractor safety responsibilities include:

1. Developing all required safety plans and documentation

2. Being directly responsible for safety of own employees

3. Maintaining proper supervision during the work

4. Providing proper personal protective equipment as necessary

5. Maintaining and operating equipment in a safe manner

Because of the extreme exposure that ironworkers have to the many risks of working in tall

buildings and from moving large structural elements and equipment around the site, special

attention must be paid to their safety during erection of steel.

Project Planning.Project Planning.

Project Planning. Safety begins with close coordination with the general contractor to determine

the construction sequence, site layout, location of site storage, staging areas for equipment, and the

selection of hoisting and lifting equipment and methods. This is the stage of project planning where

space and schedule conflicts among subcontractors can be identified and a plan to avoid conflicts

can be developed. Many accidents and injuries on construction sites occur during the moving of

materials. If the need to move materials around the site is reduced through proper site layout, then

the risk of injury is reduced. A side benefit of this layout strategy is a reduction in time spent on

moving materials and an increase in worker productivity. Proper project planning, scheduling and

construction sequencing should be developed in such a way that when there is potential danger,

subcontractors are not required to work in areas of other subcontractors.

The erector usually conducts weekly “tool box” meetings to discuss safety with project workers. In

order to reduce the height of falls the project is typically sequenced in such a manner that metal

decking is installed on lower floors before proceeding with erection of steel for the upper floors.

Close scheduling and coordination among the metal deck installer, the fabricator’s site

representative and/or the erector is necessary in order to ensure that the project is not delayed by the

metal deck.

Project Site.Project Site.

Project Site. The AISC Code of Standard Practice calls for the owner (via the general contractor)

to furnish and maintain for the steel contractor proper access roads to and throughout the site for

safe delivery of materials and equipment. The general contractor must also provide the erector with

a firm, properly graded, well drained, convenient and adequate space for operation of equipment.

The owner, (again via the general contractor) is responsible for removing all overhead power lines

and other obstructions in order to provide a safe working environment.

Erection Plan (Sequence Diagram and Erection Scheme).Erection Plan (Sequence Diagram and Erection Scheme).

Erection Plan (Sequence Diagram and Erection Scheme). The steel erector and fabricator

should prepare an erection plan (sequence diagram and erection scheme) that enumerates the

sequence of the work, together with erection methods and safety procedures to be used. Although

erection means and methods remain the responsibility of the erector, the general contractor should

review the erection plan for its impact on overall project safety.

Safety Standards. The steel erector and the erector’s employees must comply with OSHA

standards which are applicable to the work. OSHA requirements for personal protective devices,

clothing and equipment, ladders, electrical cords, material safety data sheets, safe equipment

operation, accident reporting, use of water craft or aircraft, etc. all apply to steel erection activities.

Special standards for fall protection are also outlined in Sub Part R of the OSHA standards and/or

state construction safety standards.

Temporary Bracing. The AISC Code of Standard Practice requires that the erector design and

install any temporary supports, shoring, guys, bracing, etc. necessary to maintain the stability of the

structure during the construction process. In self-supporting frames which will be stable when

completed, (without the interaction of other building components), the erector installs the

necessary bracing to brace the frame during erection, in addition to the permanent bracing. The

erector must also provide bracing for non-self-supporting structures. Non self-supporting

structures require the interaction of elements other than structural steel for stability of the structure,

such as masonry shear walls. Non-self-supporting structures must be clearly identified in the

contract documents. The erector designs the temporary bracing system utilizing the information

provided in the contract documents. A registered engineer hired by the erector may be required to

furnish sealed engineering calculations for complex bracing systems. The general contractor is

responsible for installing the elements other than structural steel that will ultimately brace the

structure.

Removal of the erector’s bracing, shoring and other temporary supports should not be undertaken

by any party without the consent of the erector. Bracing remains the property of the erector and

should be returned to the erector. AISC has published a design guide for erection bracing entitled

“Erection Bracing for Low-Rise Structural Steel Buildings,” as part of its Steel Design Guide Series.

Lifting Devices.Lifting Devices.

Lifting Devices. The steel erector is responsible for selecting and furnishing hoisting and lifting

devices for the erection of the frame. Crane stability must be analyzed for the loads, reach, soil

conditions, and environmental loads caused by wind, earthquake, and other conditions.

1.13 Coordination and Reporting1.13 Coordination and Reporting

1.13 Coordination and Reporting

For fast paced structural steel construction projects, coordination and reporting among the parties

is essential. Many coordination and reporting activities are mandated by the project contract

documents, and others are simply good management practice.

Generally, the contract documents require that the general contractor organize a preconstruction

conference, in addition to periodic progress meetings where the major subcontractors are required

to be in attendance (together with the general contractor, architect, and the owner’s representative).

Progress meetings typically will have a standard set time (such as weekly) and will normally have

a set agenda. A party, usually the general contractor, is responsible for recording notes of the

meeting and distributing them to those in attendance. The purpose of these meetings is to coordinate

activities, identify and devise strategies to correct problems, report on progress, etc. Since structural

steel is a major component of the project, the steel contractor should be an active party in these

meetings.

The contract documents normally mandate that the contractor and subcontractors furnish certain

reports, data, certifications and other submittals. Requirements often include:

1. Lien waivers from suppliers and contractors, affidavits of payment

2. Verification of wage statements for prevailing wage projects

3. Verification of WBE and MBE compliance (Women Owned Business and Minority Owned

Business Enterprises)

4. Nondiscrimination statements

5. Civil rights awardability certifications

6. Subcontractor lists

7. Qualification statements such as “no punishable felonies”

8. Performance and payment bonds

9. Certificates of insurance

10. List of submittals

11. Schedule

12. Schedule of values

13. Shop drawings

14. Product data

15. Mill certificates and test reports

16. Engineering certifications

17. Requests for information (RFI)

18. Consent of surety

The contract documents, through the general and supplementary conditions and the general

requirements, normally establish communication requirements for the parties. These documents

define the required communication procedures, and notification process, as well as the RFI process.

The contract documents may also mandate that the parties participate in “partnering” for the project

or implement ”Continuous Quality Improvement” (CQI) or “Total Quality Management” (TQM)

for the project. Partnering is a non-contractual method for fostering teamwork and partnership on

projects aimed at getting all parties to focus on the common goals of project quality and success.

Many large organizations have embraced partnering and other quality improvement methods

requiring that all project parties cooperate and participate. Improvement of coordination and

communication of the parties is an important outcome of these new contractual requirements.

1.14 Payment1.14 Payment

1.14 Payment

Payment terms for steel construction are defined in the steel contractor’s subcontract with the

general contractor, or in the trade contract with the owner or CM on construction management

contracts. Payment terms that should be included in the contract are: contract price, payment

method (such as lump sum or unit cost), terms of progress payments, dates of applications for

payment, dates of payment, interest provisions and final payment terms. If retainage is required,

then the terms and provisions for release of retainage should also be included. Other special issues

that should be addressed are requirements for a schedule of values and any provisions for receiving

payment for materials purchased for the project, but stored off-site.

As with all general contracts, the subcontractor (steel contractor) submits a schedule of values and

applications for payment to the general contractor for review and approval. The general contractor

incorporates the steel contractor’s payment amount together with that of the general contractor’s

and of other subcontractors. The general contractor submits the complete application for payment,

along with necessary documentation to satisfy the owner that title to the work and materials has or

will pass to the owner. Upon receiving payment, the general contractor disburses funds to the

various subcontractors. Final payment less retainage is made at the completion of the steel work,

punch list items, and closeout activities. Late payment, nonpayment, and “pay if paid” issues

(which are concerns in all subcontracts) are magnified for steel contracts because of the relatively

high proportion of the cost of the steel subcontract relative to the total project cost.

Payment may be based on a lump sum with periodic progress payments, or on unit cost methods.

Small renovation projects may be based on time and material or cost plus methods. When the

payment method is based on a unit cost (such as price per pound of steel delivered and erected), the

quantities of materials are based on the gross weight of materials as shown on the shop drawings.

The AISC Code of Standard Practice addresses the standard methods which are to be used for the

calculation of weight of structural steel for unit price contracts. The Code of Standard Practice

defines the weight of steel as 490 lbs per cubic ft and uses the gross weight and overall lengths of

the members, as shown on the shop drawings. The weight of material removed from the member

such as by drilling, punching, and coping is ignored. The weight of weld material is ignored, but

the weight of bolts is usually included. The AISC Code of Standard Practice may be referred to for

a comprehensive discussion of this subject.

While many of the mentioned payment issues are common to most construction subcontracts, several

payment issues require closer attention when applied to structural steel contracts. The schedule of

values, release of retainage, and payment for materials not yet stored on site, all present some unique

concerns. Structural steel construction is usually an early activity in the overall construction of the

project, with acquisition of large amounts of raw material and accumulation of early costs. Fair

provisions should be developed which protect the owner’s security interest, but which also provide

for timely cash flow for the steel contractor.

The AIA A201 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction that are frequently used by

owners, restricts payment for materials and equipment not delivered and suitably stored on the site,

or incorporated into the work. The fabricator may be placed in a position of having to make

considerable capital outlays for raw material, with payment delayed until the steel is fabricated and

delivered to the site. The owner is naturally concerned about payment for materials that may not

arrive at the owner’s job site, or when another party has a security interest. AIA A201 allows for

payment for raw or fabricated materials stored off-site if approved in advance in writing by the

owner, and if the contractor complies with the owner’s conditions for establishing the owner’s title

to the material and proper provisions have been made for storage, transportation and insurance.

The schedule of values indicates how monies are allocated to the various work items for the project

and is prepared by the general contractor from information on costs furnished by the subcontractors.

Contract documents normally require the schedule of values to be submitted prior to the first

application for payment and is used by the owner, architect, and engineer to evaluate the

contractor’s progress payment applications. The schedule of values for structural steel should

contain sufficient detail for the approving architect and engineer to identify and approve payment

for specific items such as individual materials acquired, shop drawings completed, elements

fabricated or erected. The approving architect will look for elements that are easily identified as

being completed and can be quantified. For example, fabrication and delivery of beams is an

element that can easily be verified by the architect. Some consideration should be given as to how

the schedule of values is structured, in order to obtain payment as quickly as possible for materials

acquired or work completed.

Release of retainage is also a key issue with fabricators and erectors. Because the steel portion of the

project is an early activity and represents a significant portion of the overall project cost, provisions

for partial or early release of the steel contractor’s retainage should be requested. For large projects,

release of retainage by area or building sequence could be considered. Monies retained by the owner

are monies already earned by the contractor, but withheld by the owner as leverage if the work is

defective or incomplete. Retainage may be released at various points in the project, but is frequently

held until late in the project. In the case of structural steel, defects would normally be discovered

during the erection or inspection process, or shortly after, during attachment of other systems.

When performance and payment bonds are required, the need for long retainage periods is

decreased even further.

1.15 Changes and Modifications1.15 Changes and Modifications

1.15 Changes and Modifications

Changes to the structural steel contract requirements due to owner desired changes, unforseen site

or project conditions, misplaced anchor rods or foundation work, or inadequacies in the original

steel design documents should be made either by the issuance of new documents, or by the

reissuance of documents. Detailed procedures for construction change directives and change orders

are typically outlined in the contract and usually allow the steel contractor to incorporate costs of

material, equipment, labor, supervision, increased costs of bonds and insurance, plus a reasonable

provision for profit and overhead. Change orders should clearly indicate the changes in scope,

contract price, and any changes in time needed for the contract completion.

Change orders in steel construction contain many of the same problems inherent in other trades,

such as disagreement over pricing, acceptable overhead and profit rates, and time extensions, or

failure of the parties to recognize the impact of the change on other subcontractors or aspects of the

project. Because steel is easily reinforced by adding material to the main member, steel may more

readily accommodate changes than some other structural frame materials.

Areas of particular concern for change orders in structural steel are the need to reanalyze structural

loads carried by members. Minor design changes, particularly of connections, may cause changes

in the loading for which the element was originally designed.

Labor charges are also an important aspect of changes in steel. Because structural steel erection is

largely impacted by union labor agreements, wage rates, and work rules, owners may not be aware

of the impacts and labor charges for minor changes to work in place on the project.

Changes may be necessary to rework steel because the foundations or anchor rods are improperly

located. Minor alteration of steel is anticipated by the erector and standard practice calls for the

erector to perform some minor alterations such as reaming, welding or cutting. Extensive correction

requiring rework of pieces are beyond the scope of the erector’s work and would need to be reported

to the fabricator. The fabricator, in turn will coordinate repairs with the general contractor or

engineer of record. Field work (FW) drawings outlining any rework should be detailed, approved

and utilized in the field. It is important that a clear process for documenting field changes is in place

and should include documentation of the need for field changes, field work drawings, corrective

action records, and “as built” drawings.

The need to control changes on projects in order to reduce impacts on project costs and schedule,

is an important activity. Close coordination by the general contractor, the steel subcontractor, other

subcontractors, the architect, structural engineer, and the owner can eliminate or reduce the need

and impact of change orders. Nevertheless, change orders will occur and it is important that clear

change order practices are defined in the contract. Timely notification to the owner of impacts of

changes on time and cost are normally required by the contract..

1.16 Quality Assurance1.16 Quality Assurance

1.16 Quality Assurance

Quality assurance for steel construction is achieved by several means. Quality begins with proper

structural design by the structural engineer. The engineer should consider structural loads, building

codes, performance parameters, service life and structural efficiency when developing the design.

The structural engineer prepares the contract drawings and specifications which convey to the

fabricator and erector, dimensional information, member size, material characteristics and

standards, installation requirements, and administrative procedures. The contract drawings are

assumed to provide complete structural steel design plans clearly showing the work to be performed

and to contain the information required by Section 3 of the Code of Standard Practice. Failure to

meet these requirements can have a direct adverse effect upon the quality of the project.

The specifications normally include elements such as the material strength requirements,

dimensional tolerances, and compliance with certain reference standards such as the American

Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), American Welding Society (AWS) the Steel Joist

Institute (SJI), the AISC Specifications for Design, and the AISC Code of Standard Practice. The

specifications may also require that testing, inspection, and certifications be conducted and are

evidenced for mill material, fabrication processes, and erection quality. Mills routinely conduct

required tests to assure compliance with ASTM standards for material quality. These test reports

are available to the owner when required by the contract documents. Additional testing may be

required by the specifications or by the building official. Dimensional tolerances, surface

preparation and paint thickness may be checked by the owner’s representative, and weld testing and

inspection may be required by the specifications.

Quality is also controlled by the shop drawing approval process. Because many parties review these

documents, the opportunity to identify problems before they are fabricated are increased. Other

important activities in assuring quality include the engineer’s periodic review of the work in place,

as well as, the internal quality control measures of the fabricator and erector.

AISC has taken a very active role in assuring quality by generating standards that guide the industry

in the design, fabrication, and erection of steel construction. AISC publishes the Code of Standard

Practice which extensively defines the standard practice for the fabricator and erector. AISC

publishes the Manual of Steel Construction, along with numerous other publications which are

used by industry. The Code of Standard Practice addresses many aspects of quality control. AISC

has both fabricator and erector certification programs in place, which help to elevate the quality of

the steel construction industry. AISC is a frequent sponsor of research and educational programs.

See Appendix D for a listing of AISC activities.

The purpose of the AISC Quality Certification Program is to confirm to the construction industry

that a certified firm has the personnel, organization, experience, procedures, knowledge,

equipment, capability and commitment to fabricate and erect steel of the required quality for a given

category of structural steel work. However, the AISC Certification Program is not intended to

involve inspection and/or judgment of product quality on individual projects. Neither is it intended

to guarantee the quality of specific fabricated steel products.

The program uses independent auditors to confirm that an individual fabrication plant has the

capability to perform the desired level of work. The program does not look at specific projects;

rather, the highly detailed checklist focuses on general management, engineering and drafting,

procurement, operations, and quality control.

Fabricators can be certified in one of five categories coinciding with the market for fabrication;

erectors are certified in two categories. In addition, fabricators can receive two optional

endorsements, one for Sophisticated Paint Systems and one for Fracture Critical Members. Refer

to Appendix D for more information on certification programs.

1.17 Project Closeout1.17 Project Closeout

1.17 Project Closeout

At the completion of the structural steel portion of the project, the general contractor and steel

contractor will close out the steel contract. Closeout activities include preparation of a punch list of

items to be corrected, furnishing of contract documentation, agreement on any extras or back

charges that the fabricator, steel erector or general contractor may be owed, and may include “as-

built” or record drawings. The steel erector also needs to demobilize equipment, remove any unused

materials, remove tools and equipment, and provide general cleanup of the work area.

Punch List. The punch list is prepared when the steel contractor has essentially completed the

contract work. At this point, the steel components have been erected but there may be minor

elements that need to be corrected or finished in order to bring the project in compliance with the

contract documents. The punch list is prepared by the general contractor, steel contractor, structural

engineer and architect, who will conduct a walk-through of the project. The punch list represents

the work the steel contractor must finish before the work is considered finally complete.

Record Drawings.Record Drawings.

Record Drawings. Many owners require that the general contractor prepare and furnish record

drawings or “as-built” drawings of the project. Owners recognize that as the project progresses, the

building will change from the original contract drawings. Changes may occur from owner directed

changes, corrections to errors in the original drawings, errors in fabrication or erection, and

unforseen site conditions. Many design drawings such as mechanical or heating, ventilation and air

conditioning (HVAC) drawings are schematic only and the final layout and placement for

ductwork is determined during the course of construction. Because of these factors, many owners

require by contract that the general contractor furnish a record of how the building was actually

built. These record drawings can be invaluable when the owner makes future changes to the

building.

As part of the overall responsibility to furnish record drawings to the owner, the general contractor

may require the steel contractor to furnish record drawings of the structural steel for the project.

Record drawings can range from simple mark-ups of blueline prints, to precise computer-aided

design (CAD) drawings of the steel. Some steel contractors will update their erection sheets and

furnish them to the owner. Owners may require the contractor to furnish the drawings in electronic

format. Since the cost can be substantial, depending on the quality level of record drawings, the

contract should clearly state the requirements for record drawings.

Contract Documentation. Closing out the contract requires the transfer of various written

documents to the owner and general contractor. The owner will require that the contractor furnish

lien waivers for the project from all suppliers and contractors. Governmental owners will have

requirements for wage verification statements for those projects requiring payment of prevailing

wage. Testing and inspection reports, as well as various certifications may need to be furnished.

Mill certificates, weld test data etc. may be required by the contract documents. Generally,

documents which are required as part of the close out activities are outlined in the subcontract, the

specifications, or in the general and supplementary conditions of the contract.

1.18 Summary

Proper construction management of steel construction can help lead to a cost effective, time

efficient structural frame. Construction managers should work closely with their steel contractors

to establish a strategy for construction that considers the schedule, site layout, safety, quality

assurance, and the work of other subcontractors. Communication and coordination among the

contractor, steel contractor, and the design engineer are important components of an overall

management approach. Construction managers should understand the roles, responsibilities, and

workscopes of each of the participants and how they interact throughout the delivery process.

Module One has been developed to give students interested in construction management an

understanding of the primary activities necessary to manage steel construction effectively.

Questions for Classroom DiscussionQuestions for Classroom Discussion

Questions for Classroom Discussion

1. What steel components of a building are classified as structural steel by AISC? Are steel joists

and metal deck considered part of structural steel?

2. Define the contractual relationships among the general contractor, steel subcontractor,

suppliers, and lower tier subcontractors.

3. Define the scope of work of the steel contractor and one of the steel contractor’s lower tier

subcontractors.

4.. Discuss opportunities for early input by the steel contractor that the general contractor should

take advantage of during project planning.

5. How is responsibility for design of connections addressed in steel contracts?

6. Define and differentiate self-supporting and non-self-supporting steel frames.

7. Who is responsible for structure stability during steel frame erection? After steel erection?

8. Discuss the impacts of steel construction on project site layout.

9. What special contractual issues are important in developing steel subcontracts?

10. How can a well managed shop drawing process be used as a coordination tool for project

management?

11. Discuss the time and cost implications of safety in steel erection.

Notes